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Technology of Fiber-Optic Sensors

Fiber-optic sensors detect objects and conditions by directing light to a test object and evaluating the intensity change of the returning light. They can detect very small objects, are particularly flexible to mount and are extremely resistant in harsh environments – even in high temperatures, humidity or wet media. 

What Are Fiber-Optic Sensors?

Fiber-optic sensors use the physical properties of light when transmitting it via fiber-optic cable with glass or plastic fibers to detect objects. They consist of a fiber-optic amplifier and fiber-optic cables with or without optics. The fiber-optic amplifier contains the light source and the receiving element as well as the processing unit of the sensor. The fiber-optic cables are only intended to transmit and receive light. Since fiber-optic cables do not contain electronic components, fiber-optic sensors are particularly suitable for applications in confined spaces, harsh environments or where other sensors cannot be used.

   

How Do Fiber-Optic Sensors Work?

Fiber-optic sensors measure different light sizes such as wavelength and intensity in order to derive other measured values from them. In industrial automation, the energetic principle is often used. The emitter, usually an LED light source, couples light into a fiber-optic cable. The light exits at the end of the fiber-optic cable and either hits an object which reflects it back (sensing/reflection principle) or it is detected directly by a receiver (through-beam principle). The returned light is then directed to the analysis module, where a photodiode measures the amount of light received. The electronics constantly compare this amount of light with a defined threshold value and switch the output of the sensor accordingly.

What Are the Advantages of Fiber-Optic Sensors?

Flexible Installation

Fiber-optic sensors are extremely compact and ideal for installation in confined industrial environments. In addition, the high flexibility and low attenuation of the fiber-optic cables also make larger transmission distances possible.

High Reliability

Fiber-optic sensors are extremely durable and ensure reliable performance even under harsh ambient conditions such as high temperatures, humidity and aggressive media such as cooling lubricants or cleaning agents. 

Electromagnetic Compatibility

In fiber-optic cables, signal transmission is purely optical, which eliminates the challenges associated with EMC for fiber-optic sensors. They are also extremely insensitive to electromagnetic interference.

Fiber-Optics vs. Small Photoelectrics: Technology Overview

What Are Fiber-Optic Amplifiers?

Fiber-optic amplifiers, also known as optical amplifiers, are components that amplify signals in optical communication systems and play a key role in fiber-optic communication. Here, they increase the transmission range.

In the context of industrial automation, fiber-optic amplifiers are sensors that use fiber-optics such as glass fibers or plastic fiber-optics to measure various physical variables such as pressure, temperature, expansion and the presence or position of objects. They utilize the ability of fiber-optics to transmit light, detecting changes in the spectrum or amount of light.


What Does Multi Unit Mean?

A sensor network, also known as a multi unit, consists of several sensors that can communicate directly with each other. The sensors do not interfere with each other, even if they are close to each other or opposite each other and inspecting the same object. This enables efficient coordination and collaboration between the sensors. In addition, the sensor network minimizes the need for cabling, as only one cable is required for the connection to the IO-Link master. The signal levels and switching channels of all connected sensors are transmitted via the IO-Link process data, a connection cable and a port on the IO-Link master. This optimizes data transfer and significantly reduces cabling and installation effort.

What Is the Alignment Mode?

Fiber-optic cables must be aligned precisely to the target for reliable object detection. Especially when using the through-beam principle, the emitter and receiver should be positioned axially as closely as possible to each other. Since the amplifier or analysis module is often installed in the control cabinet or outside the field of vision, the setup is often based on the operator’s view and assessment. The alignment mode visualizes the signal strength by pulsing the transmitting light. Similar to parking sensors in the car, the pulse frequency increases the stronger the signal received. The sensor head is adjusted in its angle and axis until the optimal alignment with the maximum signal is achieved. This enables efficient and precise setup even with greater distances between the emitter and receiver.

What do you need a DIN rail adapter for?

The amplifier unit is usually mounted on standardized DIN rails. Installation is tool-free by simply and quickly snapping the amplifiers onto the rail. When using the multi-unit mode, several fiber-optic amplifiers can be arranged next to each other in the control cabinet in a space-saving and non-slip manner.

What Are the Advantages of Different Light Sources?

Depending on the specific requirements of the application, wenglor fiber-optic sensors use red, blue, pink or infrared light.

  • Red LEDs (633 nm) offer high process stability, even with very bright or white test objects.

  • Blue LEDs (455 nm) are particularly suitable for precise measurements on glowing, glossy or dark surfaces, as they penetrate less deeply into the test object.

  • In pink light mode, red and blue LEDs are activated simultaneously to increase light output and improve the range of the sensors.

  • Infrared light (over 750 nm) is invisible to the human eye, preventing visual distractions and manipulation – ideal for moving sensors on robot grippers or autonomous vehicles. It also enables a greater range due to its higher power.

What Are Fiber-Optic Cables?

Fiber-optic cables are optic fibers consisting of a light-conducting core and a jacket, each having a different refractive index. In this process, the light is transported through the core with virtually no losses due to total reflection on the jacket. When exiting the fiber-optic cable, the light is scattered at an aperture angle of approximately 60 degrees.
 

What Is the Refractive Index?

The refractive index describes how much light rays change direction when they enter from one medium to another. It is defined by the ratio of the light velocity in the vacuum c to the light velocity in the considered medium v. The refractive index n is dimensionless and varies depending on factors such as the temperature and wavelength of the light.

The following physical formula is used to determine the refractive index:
 
n = v/c

What Is an Aperture Angle?

The aperture angle refers to the angle at which light exits the optical fiber. A large aperture angle offers the advantage that it enables reliable detection of even heterogeneous objects at a short distance. It is also easy to handle, as the orientation of the device is not important. However, the light output quickly spreads over a large area, reducing the range as the light does not stay focused.

To control this wide aperture angle, lenses are used that focus or collimate the light as required. This enables the detection of very small objects or significantly increases the range of the fiber-optic cables.

Optical Fibers in Comparison

Plastic fiber-optic cables are ideal for object detection in applications requiring little space. Glass fiber-optic cables, on the other hand, prove themselves in demanding ambient conditions with high temperatures and offer chemical resistance. These and other advantages of these materials open up numerous application possibilities to meet a wide range of requirements.

Glass Fiber-Optic Cables

Transmission of visible light and infrared light
Tolerant to extreme temperature ranges
Suitable for corrosive or wet industrial environments
Particularly low attenuation in the area of the infrared light
Risk of breakage due to excessive or repeated bending

Plastic Fiber-Optic Cables

Transmission of visible light
Less tolerant to extreme temperature ranges
Not suitable for corrosive or wet industrial environments
Particularly low attenuation in the visible light area
Repeat bends possible due to high flexibility

Parallel Fibers

With this type of reflection, the fibers run parallel to each other to transmit light signals. This fiber arrangement is available as both plastic and glass fiber-optics and is used in most standard applications.


 

Coaxial Fibers

The coaxial reflection type is a high-precision measurement method consisting of a core (emitter) and a surrounding area (receiver). With this type, the direction of entry of the test object into the measuring range is irrelevant for the position of the fiber-optic sensor.

 

Mixed Fibers

The mixed reflection type refers to a fiber-optic structure in which many transmitting and receiving fibers are arranged without separation. The position and distance of the fiber-optic cable to the object are less relevant here. The image area is very small or not present.

Effect of Fiber Diameter/Bundle Diameter

The larger the diameter of the light-conducting core, the more light can be transported through the cable. This leads to greater ranges and improved detection of deep black objects. For certain fiber-optic heads, such as fiber-optic cable bands, more fibers and consequently a larger diameter are therefore required.

What Does the Bending Radius Say?

The bending radius determines how much a cable can be bent without damaging it or affecting the signal quality. If a fiber-optic cable is bent excessively, there is a risk that the fiber jacket in the cable breaks and light escapes from the fiber core. This can lead not only to increased damping, but also to microcracks in the fiber core, resulting in permanent damage. Therefore, it is important to observe the bending radius, especially for glass fiber-optic cables.

What Is the Structure of Fiber-Optic Cables?

Plastic Fiber-Optic Cables

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Glass Fiber-Optic Cables

What Types of Jackets Are there for Glass Fiber-Optic Cables?

Plastic, PVC

The most cost-effective variant. Suitable for standard applications that do not require special resistance to environmental influences.

Stainless Steel

Provides the highest level of protection against mechanical stress. Less flexible installation as larger bending radii are required. No protection against gasses or liquids.

Silicone

Maximum resistance to aggressive media. Absolutely tight, so fluids and gasses cannot penetrate the jacket and damage the optical fibers. FDA compliant.

What Are the Operational Principles of Fiber-Optic Sensors?

漫反射原理

在漫反射模式下,发射器和接收器位于同一个外壳中。此时,发射器发出的光照射到测试对象上并返回到接收器。根据到达光纤接收器的反射光量检测物体。

对射原理

对射型号由一个相互对置的发射器和一个接收器组成。一旦测试对象穿过发射器和接收器之间的空间,光纤的光就会截断。然后通过降低接收到的光强进行识别。

镜反射传感器

在镜反射传感器原理中,发射器和接收器位于同一个外壳中,而反射器位于对面。当完全截断或减少反射器反射回的光时,就会检测物体。 

光纤带

光纤带用于监测区域。与仅在一个点内监测物体存在性的点状光斑相比,光纤带可以检测数厘米距离的物体。一旦信号衰减或完全截断,传感器就会识别物体。

动态重调与跳跃检测的比较

动态重调与跳跃检测都适用于在不断变化的环境条件下可靠地识别物体。在动态重调中,使用一个几乎固定的阈值,而跳跃检测没有阈值,而只是分析信号变化。

固定切换点

传感器最常用的运行模式是基于一个固定的切换点。这时,传感器根据预设的示教逻辑在示教过程中确定阈值或切换点。例如,在正常示教时,它相当于当前信号的 50%。如果环境条件以及要检测的物体非常恒定,则设有固定切换点的运行模式对干扰具有极强的耐抗性,因为外部影响无法改变切换点:如果信号超过设定的阈值,会激活输出端;如果低于此值,输出端会保持非激活状态。但是,如果信号由于脏污而发生变化,则可能导致永久性错误切换。

动态重调

动态重调尤其适用于采用静态背景的漫反射原理以及对射原理。此时未切换的状态应占主导地位,因为阈值仅在该状态下重调。如果光纤头或背景发生污染,会通过阈值的动态调节来补偿。

跳跃检测

在检测跳跃时绝对信号值并不重要。相反,可以将信号变化的方向(负向、正向或两个方向)、变化的大小和观察时间段纳入分析中。这可以识别非静态背景(如缓慢污染的输送带)中变化很大的物体(例如颜色或表面特性),也可以在无需事先示教(例如在切换批次时)的情况下识别物体。

光纤头概览

弯曲

弯曲的传感器头非常适合于狭小的空间,在这些空间光轴和光缆出口的方向必须不同。由于配有螺纹,传感器头可以轻松地拧入预制的孔中,或者用两个螺母固定到角钢或金属板上。

L 型

L 型可以两个螺钉轻松地安装,并提供预定义的光轴位置。由于光纤张角大,无需精确对准。
 

扁平状

传感器头呈扁平状,可以轻松装到工件托架的底部。传感器头的光缆出口灵活性便于布缆,可以向左、向右或向后布缆。

可弯曲

由于弯曲简便,细长的金属矛形传感器头可以满足相应应用的特定要求。

光纤带

采用对射传感器原理的光纤带非常适用于监测大面积区域。相比之下,漫反射型光纤带在识别异质物体时特别有效,通过分析反射光也可用于测量应用。

微型

微型传感器头特别适用于空间有限的应用。

螺纹

带有螺纹的传感器头可以实现快速简便的安装。它们可以直接拧入预钻孔中,也可使用两个螺母固定在角钢或金属板上。

光滑

光滑的传感器头非常适用于有限的空间,可以插入或粘贴到预制的安装支架中。

安装光纤传感器时应注意这一点

为了可靠地识别物体并保证准确的测量数据,在安装传感器时应注意以下提示。

长度和裁切

提供不同长度的光纤。客户可以裁切塑料光纤,玻璃光纤仅可进行工业裁切,因为裁切后必须进行打磨和抛光。长度几乎不会影响探测范围,但如果光纤较长,穿过的光会较少。


提示:选择适当的玻璃纤维光纤。

探测范围

由于光纤张角大,光纤的探测范围很小。较大的光纤束 / 导光芯直径或聚焦光的透镜可以实现较大的探测范围。


提示:光纤主要用于较小作用范围和微小零件的识别。

弯曲半径

光纤具有柔性,但必须遵守最小弯曲半径,以免发生损坏和光损失。高柔性塑料光缆适用于狭小的弯曲半径或移动安装。原则上以下情况适用:直径较小,弯曲半径也可较小。

提示<:/strong>安装高柔性光纤。

温度

塑料和玻璃纤维光纤在耐温性方面有所不同。温度超过 85°C,应使用带有不锈钢或硅胶护套的玻璃纤维光纤。

提示:由于长度不同,也可将分析单元置于控制柜中。

探针的对准

采用漫反射原理时,在侧面接近时发射器和接收器应与测试对象成 90° 角安装,以确保均匀的开启和关闭特性。

提示:与对象的平面对准会导致延时开启和关闭的偏移。

带有专用发射器的光缆

对于同轴发光的光纤头和某些光带,务必注意将光纤头上的发射器正确分配给放大器上的发射器。

提示:为此,放大器上标有箭头。

使用光纤传感器的领域和行业

在加工金属型材时,在固定夹具之前必须检测物体的存在性和尺寸。型材可以是黑色、白色、铬黄色、光亮或哑光。为此,在空间狭小的条件下要使用以发射接收原理工作的玻璃光纤光幕和通用型漫反射传感器。光纤布置在一条线上,形成光束。测量宽度,输出与玻璃纤维覆盖范围成正比的线性信号,从而确定正确位置。

光纤传感器对哪些物体识别不佳?

  • 和其他透明液体会强烈吸收光线或通过折射改变光路,从而导致测量不准确。
  • 高度透明的物体(如透明玻璃)完全透过光线,而不会反射光线,这会增加检测难度。
  • 深黑色物体强烈吸收入射光线,几乎不反射或根本不反射光线,会阻碍信号返回传感器。
  • 高光亮物体会将光线反射到不可预测的方向,这会妨碍物体的精确识别。
     
 

 
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