What Are Fiber-Optic Sensors?
How Do Fiber-Optic Sensors Work?
Fiber-optic sensors measure different light sizes such as wavelength and intensity in order to derive other measured values from them. In industrial automation, the energetic principle is often used. The emitter, usually an LED light source, couples light into a fiber-optic cable. The light exits at the end of the fiber-optic cable and either hits an object which reflects it back (sensing/reflection principle) or it is detected directly by a receiver (through-beam principle). The returned light is then directed to the analysis module, where a photodiode measures the amount of light received. The electronics constantly compare this amount of light with a defined threshold value and switch the output of the sensor accordingly.
What Are the Advantages of Fiber-Optic Sensors?
Flexible Installation
High Reliability
Electromagnetic Compatibility
Fiber-Optics vs. Small Photoelectrics: Technology Overview
Fiber-optic cable | Small photoelectrics | |
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Measurement range |
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Ambient temperature |
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Mounting effort | ![]() |
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Detection of transparent objects |
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Small parts detection | ![]() |
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Flexibility and customization | ![]() |
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What Are Fiber-Optic Amplifiers?
Fiber-optic amplifiers, also known as optical amplifiers, are components that amplify signals in optical communication systems and play a key role in fiber-optic communication. Here, they increase the transmission range.
In the context of industrial automation, fiber-optic amplifiers are sensors that use fiber-optics such as glass fibers or plastic fiber-optics to measure various physical variables such as pressure, temperature, expansion and the presence or position of objects. They utilize the ability of fiber-optics to transmit light, detecting changes in the spectrum or amount of light.
What Does Multi Unit Mean?


What Is the Alignment Mode?
What do you need a DIN rail adapter for?

What Are the Advantages of Different Light Sources?
Red LEDs (633 nm) offer high process stability, even with very bright or white test objects.
Blue LEDs (455 nm) are particularly suitable for precise measurements on glowing, glossy or dark surfaces, as they penetrate less deeply into the test object.
In pink light mode, red and blue LEDs are activated simultaneously to increase light output and improve the range of the sensors.
Infrared light (over 750 nm) is invisible to the human eye, preventing visual distractions and manipulation – ideal for moving sensors on robot grippers or autonomous vehicles. It also enables a greater range due to its higher power.
What Are Fiber-Optic Cables?

What Is the Refractive Index?
The refractive index describes how much light rays change direction when they enter from one medium to another. It is defined by the ratio of the light velocity in the vacuum c to the light velocity in the considered medium v. The refractive index n is dimensionless and varies depending on factors such as the temperature and wavelength of the light.The following physical formula is used to determine the refractive index:
What Is an Aperture Angle?
To control this wide aperture angle, lenses are used that focus or collimate the light as required. This enables the detection of very small objects or significantly increases the range of the fiber-optic cables.
Optical Fibers in Comparison
Parallel Fibers
Coaxial Fibers
Mixed Fibers
Effect of Fiber Diameter/Bundle Diameter
What Does the Bending Radius Say?
What Is the Structure of Fiber-Optic Cables?
Plastic Fiber-Optic Cables
Glass Fiber-Optic Cables
What Types of Jackets Are there for Glass Fiber-Optic Cables?
Plastic, PVC
Stainless Steel
Silicone
What Are the Operational Principles of Fiber-Optic Sensors?

漫反射原理
在漫反射模式下,发射器和接收器位于同一个外壳中。此时,发射器发出的光照射到测试对象上并返回到接收器。根据到达光纤接收器的反射光量检测物体。
对射原理
对射型号由一个相互对置的发射器和一个接收器组成。一旦测试对象穿过发射器和接收器之间的空间,光纤的光就会截断。然后通过降低接收到的光强进行识别。动态重调与跳跃检测的比较
动态重调与跳跃检测都适用于在不断变化的环境条件下可靠地识别物体。在动态重调中,使用一个几乎固定的阈值,而跳跃检测没有阈值,而只是分析信号变化。

固定切换点
传感器最常用的运行模式是基于一个固定的切换点。这时,传感器根据预设的示教逻辑在示教过程中确定阈值或切换点。例如,在正常示教时,它相当于当前信号的 50%。如果环境条件以及要检测的物体非常恒定,则设有固定切换点的运行模式对干扰具有极强的耐抗性,因为外部影响无法改变切换点:如果信号超过设定的阈值,会激活输出端;如果低于此值,输出端会保持非激活状态。但是,如果信号由于脏污而发生变化,则可能导致永久性错误切换。

动态重调

跳跃检测
光纤头概览
弯曲

弯曲的传感器头非常适合于狭小的空间,在这些空间光轴和光缆出口的方向必须不同。由于配有螺纹,传感器头可以轻松地拧入预制的孔中,或者用两个螺母固定到角钢或金属板上。
L 型

扁平状

可弯曲

光纤带

采用对射传感器原理的光纤带非常适用于监测大面积区域。相比之下,漫反射型光纤带在识别异质物体时特别有效,通过分析反射光也可用于测量应用。
微型

螺纹

光滑

安装光纤传感器时应注意这一点
长度和裁切

提供不同长度的光纤。客户可以裁切塑料光纤,玻璃光纤仅可进行工业裁切,因为裁切后必须进行打磨和抛光。长度几乎不会影响探测范围,但如果光纤较长,穿过的光会较少。
提示:选择适当的玻璃纤维光纤。
探测范围

由于光纤张角大,光纤的探测范围很小。较大的光纤束 / 导光芯直径或聚焦光的透镜可以实现较大的探测范围。
提示:光纤主要用于较小作用范围和微小零件的识别。
弯曲半径

光纤具有柔性,但必须遵守最小弯曲半径,以免发生损坏和光损失。高柔性塑料光缆适用于狭小的弯曲半径或移动安装。原则上以下情况适用:直径较小,弯曲半径也可较小。
提示<:/strong>安装高柔性光纤。
温度

塑料和玻璃纤维光纤在耐温性方面有所不同。温度超过 85°C,应使用带有不锈钢或硅胶护套的玻璃纤维光纤。
提示:由于长度不同,也可将分析单元置于控制柜中。
探针的对准

采用漫反射原理时,在侧面接近时发射器和接收器应与测试对象成 90° 角安装,以确保均匀的开启和关闭特性。
提示:与对象的平面对准会导致延时开启和关闭的偏移。
带有专用发射器的光缆
